Study about the existence of complementary space pairs based on second order dashed lines

Prerequisites:

The aim of the study that we are going to present here is to prove that the Hypothesis H.1.T.A (Hypothesis of existence of pairs of complementary spaces based on dashes) is valid for second order dashed lines. The strategy that will be adopted is the following:

  • Reformulate the initial statement with respect to second order dashed lines, in order to make explicit which effective constraints must be satisfied by a possible solution;
  • Prove that there is at least one solution which satisfies the constraints.

Statement of the initial hypothesis for the second order

As already indicated, the first step is to rewrite the starting Hypothesis to relate it to second order dashed lines. Rewriting the statement of the Hypothesis for k = 2, we’ll obtain:

Hypothesis H.1.T.A for second order dashed lines

Let n \gt 1 be an integer, and T = (n_1, n_2) a second order linear dashed line, the components of which are not necessarily consecutive prime numbers. Then there exist two positive integers x, y such that:

  1. the xth dash is in the first row of T;
  2. the yth dash is also in the first row of T;
  3. the xth dash precedes a space;
  4. the yth dash follows a space;
  5. \mathrm{t\_value(x)} + \mathrm{t\_value(y)} = n_1 n.

This statement was originally an hypothesis, because we didn’t prove it completely. But later our reader Aldo Pappalepore sent to us a proof of the following equivalent form, which doesn’t use dashed line theory:

Proposition H.1.T.A.1 rewritten without using dashed line theory

Let n_1 and n_2 be prime numbers such that n_1 \lt n_2; let n be an integer greater than 1. Then there exist two multiples of n_1, which we’ll call n_1 h and n_1 k with positive h and k, such that:

  • n_1 h - 1 and n_1 k + 1 are not divisible by n_2
  • h + k = n

The proof can be downloaded as a Word document.

Having ascertained that Proposition H.1.T.A.1 is true, however we have not abandoned the proof using dashed line theory and we have succeeded in completing it. Thus Proposition H.1.T.A.1 now has two proofs, one with dashed line theory and one without it. The first one will be exposed later in this article. Compared to the other, it can be noted that it is more linear, even if no less long; however, of course, it requires knowledge of specific theorems of dashed lines theory. The starting point to obtain this proof is to use the characterization of spaces, to reformulate Proposition H.1.T.A.1 as follows:

By the Corollary of Proposition L.C.4 (Spaces of a second order dashed line following a dash on the first row, second form), conditions 1. and 3. are equivalent to

n_1 x \mathrm{\ mod\ } (n_1 + n_2) \in S_T(1)
S_T(1) = \{1, \ldots, n_2 - 2, n_2\}

where the letter S stands for “subsequent”, but it is meant from the point of view of spaces, i.e. there is a space following the x-th dash.
Similarly, by the Corollary of Proposition L.C.3 (Spaces of a second order dashed line preceding a dash of the first row, second form), conditions 2. and 4. are equivalent to

n_1 y \mathrm{\ mod\ } (n_1 + n_2) \in P_T(1)
P_{T}(1) = \{2, \ldots, n_2\}

Furthermore, by the Corollary of Theorem T.8 (Formula for calculation of linear second order function \mathrm{t\ _value} for the first row):

\mathrm{t\_value(x)} = n_1 \biggl \lceil \cfrac{n_2 \cdot x + 1}{ n_1 + n_2} \biggr \rceil \tag{1}
\mathrm{t\_value(y)} = n_1 \biggl \lceil \cfrac{n_2 \cdot y + 1}{ n_1 + n_2} \biggr \rceil \tag{1'}

so in condition 5. it is possible to simplify n_1 as follows:

\begin{aligned}\mathrm{t\_value(x)} + \mathrm{t\_value(y)} = n_1 n & \Leftrightarrow \\ n_1 \biggl \lceil \cfrac{n_2 \cdot x + 1}{n_1 + n_2} \biggr \rceil + n_1 \biggl \lceil \cfrac{n_2 \cdot y + 1}{n_1 + n_2} \biggr \rceil = n_1 n & \Leftrightarrow \\ \biggl \lceil \cfrac{n_2 \cdot x + 1}{n_1 + n_2} \biggr \rceil + \biggl \lceil \cfrac{n_2 \cdot y + 1}{n_1 + n_2} \biggr \rceil = n \end{aligned}

Explicit Hypothesis H.1.T.A for second order dashed lines

Let n \gt 1 be an integer, and T = (n_1, n_2) a second order linear dashed line, the components of which are not necessarily consecutive prime numbers. Then there exist two positive integers x, y such that:

n_1 x \mathrm{\ mod\ } (n_1 + n_2) \in S_T(1)
n_1 y \mathrm{\ mod\ } (n_1 + n_2) \in P_T(1)
S_T(1) = \{1, \ldots, n_2 - 2, n_2\}
P_{T}(1) = \{2, \ldots, n_2\}
\biggl \lceil \cfrac{n_2 \cdot x + 1}{n_1 + n_2} \biggl \rceil + \biggl \lceil \cfrac{n_2 \cdot y + 1}{n_1 + n_2} \biggl \rceil = n

In the following we will deal with the proof of this last Proposition.

Search for solutions using dashed line theory

The first obstacle in tackling the problem is given by the fact that, in the last equation, there is the operation \lceil \cdot \rceil, which is not easily treatable. However, the problem can be overcome through the properties of the operation \mathrm{\ mod\ } and its variant \mathrm{\ mod^{\star}\ }, which allow us to move on to another reformulation. Indeed, the last equation can be rewritten as follows:

We’ll start by applying Definition 1.1 in Dashed line theory (Italian), on page 11:

\bigg \lceil \cfrac {a}{b} \bigg \rceil = \cfrac{a - a \mathrm{\ mod^{\star}\ } b}{b} + 1 \tag{3}

If, using a generic w instead of x and y, we set a := n_2 w + 1 and b := n_1 + n_2, the last equation of Proposition H.1.T.A.2 becomes

\cfrac {n_2 x + 1 - (n_2 x + 1) \mathrm{\ mod^{\star}\ } ( n_1 + n_2)}{n_1 + n_2} + 1 + \cfrac {n_2 y + 1 - (n_2 y + 1) \mathrm{\ mod^{\star}\ } (n_1 + n_2)}{n_1 + n_2} + 1 = n

that is, moving the two 1s to the right:

\cfrac {n_2 x + 1 - (n_2 x + 1) \mathrm{\ mod^{\star}\ } ( n_1 + n_2)}{n_1 + n_2} + \cfrac {n_2 y + 1 - (n_2 y + 1) \mathrm{\ mod^{\star}\ } (n_1 + n_2)}{n_1 + n_2} = n - 2 \tag{a}

In the following, we will indicate with the symbols v and w the two left-hand addends:

v := \cfrac {n_2 x + 1 - (n_2 x + 1) \mathrm{\ mod^{\star} \ } (n_1 + n_2)}{n_1 + n_2}
w := \cfrac {n_2 y + 1 - (n_2 y + 1) \mathrm{\ mod^{\star} \ } (n_1 + n_2)}{n_1 + n_2}

Therefore, taking into account how Proposition H.1.T.A.2 was obtained, we’ll have that:

\mathrm{t\_value}(x) = n_1 (v + 1) \tag{2}
\mathrm{t\_value}(y) = n_1 (w + 1) \tag{2'}
Equations (2) and (2′) derive respectively from formulas (1) and (1′) present in the first detail, taking into account that the integer part which multiplies n_1 is respectively equal to v + 1 and w + 1, by formula (3) of the previous detail.

From these equations it is clear that the two spaces of interest, \mathrm{t\_value}(x) + 1 and \mathrm{t\_value}(y) - 1, actually depend on v and w, more than on x and y (in fact, like we will see later, different values of x and of y can determine the same value of v and w, and then the same spaces). So even if, as the Proposition is formulated, the unknowns are x and y, we can also consider v and w as the unknowns. We will assume that v \geq 0 and w \geq 0; in fact these conditions, by (2) and (2′), correspond to putting \mathrm{t\_value}(x) \geq n_1 and \mathrm{t\_value}(y) \geq n_1, so we’ll consider the dashes starting from the first one. Consequently, by formula (a) and by how we defined v and w:

0 \leq v \leq n - 2 \tag{b}
0 \leq w \leq n - 2 \tag{b'}

Proof of the existence of solutions using dashed line theory

Using the formulation H.1.T.A.2, we can proceed with the final step, namely to prove that there is at least one ( x, y) which matches all constraints. The proof will start from an example, i.e. the Proposition developed for n = 6 with the dotted line T = (3, 5), for which n_1 = 3, n_2 = 5, n_1 + n_2 = 8, and n_1 n = 3 \cdot 6 = 18:

Let n = 6 and T = (3, 5). Then there exist two positive integers x, y such that:

3 x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 \in S_T(1) \tag{4}
3 y \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 \in P_T(1) \tag{5}
S_T(1) = \{1, 2, 3, 5\}
P_T(1) = \{2, 3, 4, 5\}
\cfrac {5 x + 1 - (5 x + 1) \mathrm{\ mod^{\star}\ } 8 }{8} + \cfrac {5 y + 1 - (5 y + 1) \mathrm{\ mod^{\star}\ } 8}{8} = n - 2 \tag{6}

Although the proof starts from this example, the conclusions that derive from it, as we will see, will go beyond it, being universally valid for all second order linear dashed lines that have prime numbers as components.

As a starting point for the proof, let’s build a table like this:

  • In the first line are the values of x, starting from 1;
  • In the second line there are the corresponding values of the quantity n_1 x \mathrm{\ mod\ } (n_1 + n_2) which occurs in the equation and in the constraints, and which in this case is 3x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8;
  • In the third line we’ll insert the value of v := \cfrac {5 x + 1 - (5 x + 1) \mathrm{\ mod^{\star}\ } 8}{8}, i.e. equal to the leftmost addend appearing in the first member of equation (6);
  • By formula (b), the table continues up to a value of v equal to n - 2, i.e. up to 6 - 2 = 4. This corresponds to a maximum value of x equal to 7, because for x = 8 you would get v = 5.

The resulting table looks as follows:

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 3 6 1 4 7 2 5
v 0 1 1 2 3 3 4

Next, let’s group the columns which have the same value of v:

x 1 2, 3 4 5, 6 7
3x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 3 6, 1 4 7, 2 5
v 0 1 2 3 4

Now we’ll do the same for y, but creating a table made in a different way:

  • The first two lines are similar to the first two of the previous table, but they refer to y;
  • In the third line, instead of v we’ll insert the value of w := \cfrac {5 y + 1 - (5 y + 1) \mathrm{\ mod^{\star }\ } 8}{8}, i.e. equal to the other addend appearing in the first member of equation (6);
  • The columns of the table are reversed with respect to the previous one, i.e. they start from the greatest value of y instead of the smallest one.

The table looks as follows:

y 7 6, 5 4 3, 2 1
3y \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 5 2, 7 4 1, 6 3
v 4 3 2 1 0

Starting from these two tables, we’ll create another one, like this:

  • At the top there are the first two rows of the first table;
  • Then there are the first two rows of the second table, swapped places;
  • Then there is a row containing the sum between v and w, taken respectively from the two tables.

The resulting table is the following:

x 1 2, 3 4 5, 6 7
3x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 3 6, 1 4 7, 2 5
3y \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 5 2, 7 4 1, 6 3
y 7 6, 5 4 3, 2 1
v + w 0 + 4 1 + 3 2 + 2 3 + 1 4 + 0

It can be seen that v + w is always 4, as predicted by equation (6) from which we started to construct v and w.

Now, we’ll highlight with a black border all the values of the second row that respect the constraint (4), i.e. that belong to S_T(1) = \{1, 2, 3, 5\}, and those of the third row that respect the constraint (5), i.e. that belong to P_T(1) = \{2, 3, 4, 5\}:

x 1 2, 3 4 5, 6 7
3x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 3 6, 1 4 7, 2 5
3y \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 5 2, 7 4 1, 6 3
y 7 6, 5 4 3, 2 1
v + w 0 + 4 1 + 3 2 + 2 3 + 1 4 + 0

Then, we’ll indicate in yellow the columns which have at least one number highlighted both on the second and on the third row, i.e. such that at least one x and at least one y of the column satisfy the respective constraints (4) and (5):

x 1 2, 3 4 5, 6 7
3x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 3 6, 1 4 7, 2 5
3y \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 5 2, 7 4 1, 6 3
y 7 6, 5 4 3, 2 1
v + w 0 + 4 1 + 3 2 + 2 3 + 1 4 + 0

All the pairs (x, y) corresponding to the numbers highlighted in the columns in yellow, i.e. (1, 7), (3, 6) and (7, 1), are therefore, by construction, all solutions of equation (6) satisfying constraints (4) and (5). Equation (6) is represented in the last row as the sums v + w = n - 2.

The pairs (2, 6), (2, 5) and (3, 5) give rise to the same values of v and w as the pair (3, 6), however they are not feasible solutions because if it were x = 2 it would be 3x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 = 6 \notin S_T(1) (so the pairs (2, 6) and (2, 5) are to be discarded), while if it were y = 5 it would be 3y \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 = 7 \notin P_T(1 ) (therefore also the pair (3, 5) is to be discarded).

Once the solutions are represented this way, it still remains to understand under what conditions they actually exist. We’ll begin by observing that, extending the second row of the previous table:

3x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8  3   6, 1   4   7, 2   5   0, 3   6, 1   4   7, 2   5 

we can notice how the unhighlighted cell which contains no bordered numbers (i.e. the cell containing 4) appears once every 5 cells, and there are, in turn, 5 possible cells in total, i.e. (0, 3), (6, 1), (4), (7, 2) and (5), given that, if we also consider x = 0, the first cell (3) would become in turn (0, 3). We’ll represent this situation using dashed line notation; that is, we’ll transform the previous table into a new one, in which we place a dash in the cells that correspond to cell (4):

3x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8                

This table has a dash every 5 cells, as in the representation of the dashed line T = (5):

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 \ldots
5                 \ldots

The row of 3x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8, therefore, is a “shifted” dashed line T = (5), in the sense that its dashes alternate with empty cells in the same way, but their sequence starts in a different cell.

Now, let’s apply the same principle to the row of 3y \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 of the previous table:

3y \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8                

The result is similar to the previous one: also in this case we have obtained a shifted dashed line, the dashes of which are at the same distance as before, even if the sequence starts in a still different cell.

Now let’s go back to the table we started from, but with dashes instead of numbers, and indicating in yellow the columns that were previously highlighted in the same way:

x 1 2, 3 4 5, 6 7
3x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8        
3y \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8        
y 7 6, 5 4 3, 2 1
v + w 0 + 4 1 + 3 2 + 2 3 + 1 4 + 0

The second and third lines of the table constitute a dashed line, which is of the second order, but is shifted with respect to the linear dashed lines we know. The interesting aspect is that the pairs of valid solutions, i.e. (1, 7), (3, 6) and (7, 1), are all found in correspondence with the yellow columns, which correspond to the spaces of this dashed line. Therefore, in order to prove that there are solutions, it is sufficient to show that there are spaces in the following shifted dashed line (the representation of which has been extended with respect to the previous one, so as to highlight the repetition of the dashes):

3x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8                                
3y \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8                                
It can be seen that the dashed line displayed in the table above is very similar to what we called double dashed line in the proof strategy based on spaces. In fact, a first order double dashed line would be obtained from the table if the rows were overlapped and if one of the two groups of equidistant dashes started from the first column. The fact that double dashed lines somehow occur in different proof strategies makes us think that they are one of the key elements behind the statement of Goldbach’s conjecture.

Finding the spaces of a dashed line made this way, and/or proof that they exist, is very simple, because the dashes are repeated both on the first and on the second row with the same periodicity, and the distance between them, in each row, is equal to 5 = n_2.

Why do both lines have a dash every n_2 cells?

We observe that, due to the way the table was built, the columns are numbered according to the value of v, which starts from 0; so the nth column will have v = n - 1. We have to prove that, for both rows, two properties hold:

  • if the nth column contains a dash on the line of 3x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 and on the line of 3y \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 respectively, then the (n + n_2)th column also contains a dash on the same line;
  • if the nth column doesn’t contain a dash on the same lines, then neither the (n + n_2)th column does, on the respective lines.
  • We begin to prove it for the line of 3x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8.

    If the nth column contains a dash, due to how the table was built, it means that, for all the x related to that column, 3x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 \notin S_T(1); conversely, if it does not contain a dash, then for at least one x relative to that column we’ll have 3x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 \in S_T(1). Since it is the nth column, also:

    v = n - 1 = \cfrac {5x + 1 - (5x + 1) \mathrm{\ mod^{\star }\ } 8}{8}

    and this relation holds for all the xes of that column; in fact we had grouped the xes on the basis of the corresponding values of v. Let’s see what happens by putting x^{\prime} := (x + 8) instead of x. The remainder doesn’t change, because 3x^{\prime} = 3(x + 8) \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 = 3x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8. Let’s calculate for this column the value of v, which we will call v^{\prime}:

    v^{\prime} = \cfrac {5x^{\prime} + 1 - (5x^{\prime} + 1) \mathrm{\ mod^{\star}\ } 8}{8} = \cfrac {5 (x + 8) + 1 - (5 (x + 8) + 1) \mathrm{\ mod^{\ star}\ } 8}{8}

    But (5 (x + 8) + 1) \mathrm{\ mod^{\star}\ } 8 = (5x + 1) \mathrm{\ mod^{\star}\ } 8, because 5(x + 8) + 1 and 5x + 1 differ by a multiple of 8, so:

    v^{\prime} = \cfrac {5 (x + 8) + 1 - (5x + 1) \mathrm{ \ mod^{\star}\ } 8}{8} = 5 + \cfrac {5x + 1 - (5x + 1) \mathrm{\ mod^{\star}\ } 8}{8}

    which is exactly 5 = n_2 units greater than the value of v of the n-th column, so the column corresponding to x + 8 is n_2 positions after it and will therefore be the (n + n_2)-th. Since this holds for every x, we can say that, if the nth column contains a certain x on the row of the xes, then the (n + n_2)-th one contains x + 8 on the same line. Conversely, given that x - 8 \gt 0, if the (n + n_2)-th column contains a x, then the n-th one contains x - 8 (the proof would be the same as before, with some signs changed). So if in the line of the xes of the n-th column there are the values x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_k, then in the line of the xes of the (n + n_2)-th column there are the values x_1 + 8, x_2 + 8, \ldots, x_k + 8. We also saw that the remainders do not change, i.e. 3 x_1 \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 = 3(x_1 + 8) \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8, …, 3 x_k \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 = 3(x_k + 8) \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8. So:

    • for each i = 1, 2, \ldots, k, if 3x_i \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 \notin S_T(1), then also [ latex]3(x_i + 8) \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 \notin S_T(1)[/latex]; so if the nth column contains a dash on the row of 3x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8, then the (n + n_2)-th column contains one on the same line;
    • vice versa, if for at least one i = 1, 2, \ldots, k we have that 3 x_i \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 \in S_T(1), then also 3(x_i + 8) \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 \in S_T(1); so if the nth column doesn’t contain a dash on the line of 3x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8, then neither the (n + n_2)-th column contains one on the same line.

    The proof for the 3x \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8 line is now complete.

    This reasoning can be repeated without difficulty for the line of 3y \mathrm{\ mod\ } 8, as long as you replace x with y, v with w, and considering that the (n + n_2)-th column has a value of w of n_2 units smaller than the one of the n column(not bigger as it happens for the value of v, because w is decreasing while v is increasing). Beyond these differences, however, the proof for the second line is substantially identical, so we leave it to our readers as a verification.

In general, whatever n_1, n_2 and n be, we can state that the first space cannot be beyond the third column. In fact the worst case, i.e. the one in which the first space is as far away as possible from the start of the dashed line, is the one in which:

  • The first dash of the first row is in the first cell of the row;
  • The first dash of the second row is in the second cell of the row.

The dashed line corresponding to this case would be the following:

                                          x 1 2 3 \ldots
n_1 x \mathrm{\ mod\ } (n_1 + n_2)                                                           \ldots
n_1 y \mathrm{\ mod\ } (n_1 + n_2)                                  \ldots
v + w 0 + (n - 2) 1 + (n - 3) 2 + (n - 4) \ldots

In this case, or in the equivalent case where the two rows are swapped, the first space is in the third column. In general, also in any other arrangement of the dashes, provided that they are spaced apart, on the same row, by n_2, and taking into account that n_2 \geq 3 (being n_2 \gt n_1 \geq 2), the first space would never be beyond the third column. This is proved by contradiction: if the space furthest from the beginning of the dash were on the fourth column, for example, it would be preceded by three columns that are not spaces, which would mean that, in these columns, there would be at least three dashes. But, whatever their mutual position (all three on the first row, or all three on the second, or alternating), on at least one row the distance between two consecutive dashes should be at most 2, which would be less than n_2 \geq 3, which is not possible. The reasoning is similar if we assume that there are more than three dashes, or that the first space is in the fifth or sixth column, and so on.

Now, always considering the worst case, we’ll insert again the row with v:

                                          x 1 2 3 \ldots
n_1 x \mathrm{\ mod\ } (n_1 + n_2)                                  \ldots
n_1 y \mathrm{\ mod\ } (n_1 + n_2)                                                           \ldots
v + w 0 + (n - 2) 1 + (n - 3) 2 + (n - 4) \ldots
v 0 1 2 \ldots

The value of v corresponding to the first space of the shifted double dashed line, i.e. to the first feasible solution of equation (6), is at most 2, for the previous discussion. So we can say that there is at least one solution with v \leq 2, provided that the table has at least three columns, because the value v = 2 is on the third column. By construction, the number of columns in the table is n - 1 (from v = 0 to v = n - 2); therefore, a sufficient condition for the existence of a value of v that satisfies our hypothesis is that n - 1 \geq 3, i.e. n \geq 4.
Now that we have found a condition of existence of the solution, to find the two spaces of interest it is sufficient to remember that one follows the x-th dash and the other precedes the y-th, so the solutions corresponding to a feasible value of v, and to the corresponding value of w = n - 2 - v, are:

\begin{aligned} p & := \\ \mathrm{t\_value}_T(x) + 1 & = \text{[for the (2)]} \\ n_1 (v + 1) + 1\end{aligned} \tag{7}
\begin{aligned} q & := \\ \mathrm{t\_value}_T(y) - 1 & = \text{[for the (2')]} \\ n_1 (w + 1) - 1\end{aligned}

We can also observe that q, once p has been calculated, can be calculated simply as n_1 n - p, by the last equation of Proposition H.1.T.A.1.
Having established that there exists at least one solution with v \leq 2, by imposing this constraint in formula (7), we can deduce that there exists a space p, corresponding to a solution of Proposition H.1.T.A.1, such that

p \leq 3 n_1 - 1

So not only we have found the solution, but we’ve also found an upper bound for one of the two corresponding spaces.
Summarizing, we can say that Proposition H.1.T.A.1 always admits a solution for n \geq 4, and in this case there exists a solution such that one of the two corresponding spaces is less than or equal to 3 n_1 - 1.

We’ll verify if the statement from which we started, i.e. the Hypothesis H.1.T.A (Hypothesis of existence of pairs of complementary spaces based on dashes), is actually valid for the pairs we found. That is, we have to determine if, taking n = 6, the dashed line T = (3, 5) and the pairs (x, y) equal to (1, 7), (3, 6) and (7, 1), each of them satisfies the equation

\mathrm{t\_value}(x) + \mathrm{t\_value}(y) = n_1 n

We also need to verify that \mathrm{t\_value}(x) precedes a space and that \mathrm{t\_value}(y) follows a space.
Applying the Corollary of Theorem T.8 (Formula for calculation of linear second order function \mathrm{t\_value} for the first row) to replace \mathrm{t\_value} with its second order expression, and replacing n with 6, n_1 with 3 and n_2 with 5, we’ll obtain the following equation equivalent to the previous one:

3 \biggl \lceil \cfrac{5 \cdot x + 1}{8} \biggl \rceil + 3 \biggl \lceil \cfrac{5 \cdot y + 1}{8} \biggl \rceil = 18

Let’s start with the first pair (1, 7). Replacing x with 1 and y with 7 we’ll get

3 \biggl \lceil \cfrac{5 \cdot 1 + 1}{8} \biggl \rceil + 3 \biggl \lceil \cfrac{5 \cdot 7 + 1}{8} \biggl \rceil = 3 \biggl \lceil \cfrac{6}{8} \biggl \rceil + 3 \biggl \lceil \cfrac{36}{8} \biggl \rceil = 3 \cdot 1 + 3 \cdot 5 = 3 + 15 = 18

as expected.
Also \mathrm{t\_value}(x) + 1 = 3 + 1 = 4 and \mathrm{t\_value}(y) - 1 = 15 - 1 = 14 are spaces (\mathrm{t\_value}(x) and \mathrm{t\_value}(y) are respectively the expressions 3 \biggl \lceil \cfrac{5 \cdot 1 + 1}{8} \biggl \rceil and 3 \biggl \lceil \cfrac{5 \cdot 7 + 1}{8} \biggl \rceil, then precisely 3 and 15; the corresponding dashes can be viewed using the dashed line viewer by selecting the options n = 15, “These components” = “3,5”, “Show dash number” selected).
Now we’ll do the same thing with (3, 6):

3 \biggl \lceil \cfrac{5 \cdot 3 + 1}{8} \biggl \rceil + 3 \biggl \lceil \cfrac{5 \cdot 6 + 1}{8} \biggl \rceil = 3 \biggl \lceil \cfrac{16}{8} \biggl \rceil + 3 \biggl \lceil \cfrac{31}{8} \biggl \rceil = 3 \cdot 2 + 3 \cdot 4 = 6 + 12 = 18

as expected. Again \mathrm{t\_value}(x) + 1 = 6 + 1 = 7 and \mathrm{t\_value}(y) - 1 = 12 - 1 = 11 are spaces.
The verification for the third pair (7, 1) mirrors that for (1, 7), given that the addends at the first member of the expression, if you exchange x with y, are identical.

2 Replies to “Study about the existence of complementary space pairs based on second order dashed lines”

    1. Indeed there is some recent work, but publishing it in a clear form takes a lot of time. However, we’ll publish some new content in the next few months.

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